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混凝土强回弹和钻芯的问题与对策

测(ce)强结果让人摸不(bu)着头脑?

回弹和(he)钻(zuan)芯是大家常用(yong)的测强方(fang)法(fa)。有(you)时候(hou)会出(chu)现偏差,让人不知道以哪(na)个标准为好。商(shang)(shang)品混凝土经(jing)过试块、回弹、钻(zuan)芯检(jian)测后(hou),终的检(jian)测报告中有(you)的合格了,有(you)的接近设计强度,有(you)的因离(li)散值过大未做评定。这样能否认定混凝土有(you)质(zhi)量问题(ti)?如(ru)果有(you)质(zhi)量问题(ti),如(ru)何判(pan)断(duan)是生产商(shang)(shang)的原(yuan)因还是施工(gong)方(fang)原(yuan)因?

先进(jin)(jin)行回(hui)弹,如果回(hui)弹不符(fu)合设计要(yao)求再进(jin)(jin)行钻芯(xin)取样检测,我们一般都(dou)这样做。然而就(jiu)在检测过程(cheng)中(zhong)却存(cun)在许(xu)多问题,给某些工程(cheng)作(zuo)出了错误的结论,导致(zhi)施(shi)工单位在经济和名誉上受到损(sun)失。

问题分析

1、回弹推定的结构混凝土强度值偏低

由于在(zai)测定(ding)回(hui)弹(dan)曲线时(shi)(shi)所(suo)制(zhi)做的(de)(de)试块不够标准(zhun),致使试块的(de)(de)受(shou)压面出(chu)现中心起鼓,也有的(de)(de)出(chu)现中心凹(ao)陷,压出(chu)的(de)(de)强度较低。回(hui)弹(dan)仪在(zai)率定(ding)时(shi)(shi)控制(zhi)在(zai)80±2范(fan)围内,也加大了(le)误差值(zhi)。对回(hui)弹(dan)仪在(zai)不同率定(ding)值(zhi)的(de)(de)情(qing)况下和(he)采用(yong)不同的(de)(de)回(hui)弹(dan)曲线所(suo)换算出(chu)的(de)(de)强度进行比对,所(suo)得结果见表1。 

我们从(cong)C20、C35、C50中选定(ding)了20个试(shi)块(kuai),放在压(ya)力(li)机上加(jia)压(ya)至60~80kN进行回(hui)弹(dan),先采(cai)用(yong)率(lv)(lv)定(ding)值(zhi)为78~79的回(hui)弹(dan)仪(yi)进行回(hui)弹(dan)(简(jian)称低率(lv)(lv)定(ding)),然后再用(yong)刚检定(ding)的回(hui)弹(dan)仪(yi)(率(lv)(lv)定(ding)值(zhi)为81~82)进行回(hui)弹(dan)(简(jian)称高(gao)率(lv)(lv)定(ding))。1~11号试(shi)块(kuai)为同条件(jian)养(yang)(yang)护试(shi)块(kuai),12~20号试(shi)件(jian)为标准养(yang)(yang)护试(shi)块(kuai)。

通(tong)过对表1的分析和采(cai)用(yong)两个回弹规程(cheng)进行(xing)强度换算可以发现(xian):

(1)高(gao)率定(ding)回弹(dan)值(zhi)(zhi)比(bi)低(di)率定(ding)回弹(dan)值(zhi)(zhi)平均高(gao)出1.8个回弹(dan)值(zhi)(zhi),高(gao)率定(ding)的(de)强度(du)换(huan)算值(zhi)(zhi)比(bi)低(di)率定(ding)的(de)强度(du)换(huan)算值(zhi)(zhi)平均高(gao)出3.6 MPa。

(2)采(cai)用DBJ14-026-2004《回(hui)(hui)弹(dan)法(fa)检测(ce)混凝土抗(kang)压强(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)技术规(gui)程》规(gui)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)“测(ce)区混凝土强(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)换(huan)算(suan)表”查出了(le)测(ce)区的(de)(de)(de)回(hui)(hui)弹(dan)强(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)值(zhi),然(ran)后对试(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)进行加荷直至(zhi)破(po)坏,算(suan)出抗(kang)压强(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)值(zhi)。并计算(suan)出回(hui)(hui)弹(dan)强(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)值(zhi)占(zhan)(zhan)试(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)块(kuai)(kuai)抗(kang)压强(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)值(zhi)的(de)(de)(de)百分数(shu)。发现低率(lv)(lv)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)回(hui)(hui)弹(dan)强(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)只占(zhan)(zhan)试(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)块(kuai)(kuai)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)抗(kang)压强(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)85%,而(er)高(gao)(gao)率(lv)(lv)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)回(hui)(hui)弹(dan)强(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)却占(zhan)(zhan)到(dao)试(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)块(kuai)(kuai)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)抗(kang)压强(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)92%。1~11号试(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian)(jian)(jian)为同条件(jian)(jian)(jian)养护(hu)试(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)块(kuai)(kuai),与工(gong)程结构件(jian)(jian)(jian)接近,其(qi)低率(lv)(lv)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)回(hui)(hui)弹(dan)强(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)只占(zhan)(zhan)试(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)块(kuai)(kuai)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)抗(kang)压强(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)80%,而(er)高(gao)(gao)率(lv)(lv)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)回(hui)(hui)弹(dan)强(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)却占(zhan)(zhan)试(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)块(kuai)(kuai)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)抗(kang)压强(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)87%。12~20号试(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)块(kuai)(kuai)为标养试(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)件(jian)(jian)(jian),其(qi)低率(lv)(lv)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)回(hui)(hui)弹(dan)强(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)只占(zhan)(zhan)试(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)块(kuai)(kuai)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)抗(kang)压强(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)91%,而(er)高(gao)(gao)率(lv)(lv)定(ding)(ding)(ding)的(de)(de)(de)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)回(hui)(hui)弹(dan)强(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)却占(zhan)(zhan)试(shi)(shi)(shi)(shi)块(kuai)(kuai)平(ping)(ping)均(jun)(jun)(jun)抗(kang)压强(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)97%。由此可以(yi)看出:

(a)工程(cheng)结构(gou)回弹(dan)(dan)推定(ding)值(zhi)都(dou)低于(yu)其(qi)实际强(qiang)度(du)的90%。因(yin)此,我们在(zai)进行(xing)工程(cheng)结构(gou)回弹(dan)(dan)前应(ying)当把回弹(dan)(dan)仪进行(xing)检(jian)定(ding),每(mei)次(ci)回弹(dan)(dan)前要对回弹(dan)(dan)仪进行(xing)率定(ding),并且率定(ding)值(zhi)不得低于(yu)80,否(fou)则应(ying)进行(xing)保养或检(jian)定(ding),尽量减少仪器误差。

(b)1~5号试(shi)(shi)块(kuai)为同条(tiao)件(jian)养护的C50试(shi)(shi)块(kuai),其高率定平均回(hui)(hui)弹(dan)强(qiang)度值才占到试(shi)(shi)块(kuai)平均抗压强(qiang)度的79%。因此,对于回(hui)(hui)弹(dan)C50及以上混凝土结(jie)构工程(cheng)时,其回(hui)(hui)弹(dan)推定强(qiang)度应乘以1.15的系(xi)数,减(jian)小回(hui)(hui)弹(dan)推定强(qiang)度与工程(cheng)结(jie)构实际(ji)强(qiang)度的误差。

(c)采(cai)用DBJ14-026-2004《回弹法检测混凝(ning)土抗压(ya)强度技术(shu)(shu)规(gui)程》和JGJ/T23-2001《回弹法检测混凝(ning)土抗压(ya)强度技术(shu)(shu)规(gui)程》两个(ge)(ge)“测区混凝(ning)土强度换(huan)(huan)(huan)算表”对20个(ge)(ge)试块的回弹值(zhi)进行(xing)了换(huan)(huan)(huan)算,发现换(huan)(huan)(huan)算值(zhi)在50 MPa以(yi)下时(shi)(shi),DBJ14-026-2004比(bi)JGJ/T23-2001所(suo)得(de)换(huan)(huan)(huan)算值(zhi)高出1.3 MPa;而换(huan)(huan)(huan)算值(zhi)在50 MPa以(yi)上(shang)时(shi)(shi),所(suo)得(de)换(huan)(huan)(huan)算值(zhi)略低。

2、钻芯检测的结构混凝土强度偏低

在(zai)钻芯(xin)检测(ce)试验过程(cheng)中影响混凝(ning)土强度明显的(de)是芯(xin)样(yang)受压面的(de)平整度,其(qi)次(ci)是芯(xin)样(yang)受压面与芯(xin)样(yang)轴线的(de)垂(chui)直(zhi)度。如(ru)果此两项指标(biao)超(chao)差,将会明显降低芯(xin)样(yang)混凝(ning)土的(de)强度。下面是砼行在(zai)钻芯(xin)检测(ce)过程(cheng)中亲自经历的(de)事:

在2007年5月份,我(wo)的原(yuan)单位“建(jian)华混凝土有(you)(you)限公(gong)司”供应了(le)(le)(le)七路涑河(he)桥的C50桥墩,工地(di)制作(zuo)的试块于28天时(shi)送检(jian),强度只有(you)(you)37 MPa。然后(hou)就申请(qing)回(hui)弹,因为(wei)该桥墩四(si)周已回(hui)填,混凝土强度又较高(gao),所以(yi)采用钻芯(xin)检(jian)测。在钻芯(xin)检(jian)测前(qian),我(wo)亲自带回(hui)弹仪到工地(di)对(dui)(dui)该桥墩进(jin)行(xing)了(le)(le)(le)回(hui)弹,推(tui)定强度为(wei)47 MPa。当(dang)地(di)检(jian)测部门抽取(qu)了(le)(le)(le)5个(ge)芯(xin)样,经试压后(hou)开出报告,芯(xin)样的小值为(wei)31.2 MPa。我(wo)们(men)对(dui)(dui)此结果(guo)有(you)(you)怀疑,想(xiang)请(qing)他(ta)们(men)再钻一(yi)次,而(er)负(fu)责该项(xiang)目的同志却(que)说:“不必再钻了(le)(le)(le),找设计人员(yuan)验算一(yi)下该怎么(me)处理(li)吧”。我(wo)和(he)公(gong)司总经理(li)商量后(hou)决定,请(qing)一(yi)家省级(ji)检(jian)测中心来检(jian)测。并且与工地(di)项(xiang)目经理(li)和(he)监理(li)员(yuan)进(jin)行(xing)了(le)(le)(le)沟通(tong),他(ta)们(men)也同意。

我(wo)们把(ba)省级检(jian)测(ce)中(zhong)心的(de)(de)试(shi)验(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)人员(yuan)请到(dao)(dao)工地后,在(zai)供需双方和监理员(yuan)的(de)(de)见证(zheng)下(xia)钻取了(le)(le)12个芯(xin)样(yang),三(san)方签字并编号(hao)后由试(shi)验(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)人员(yuan)带(dai)回。过(guo)了(le)(le)三(san)天以后,上述三(san)方派代表到(dao)(dao)省级检(jian)测(ce)中(zhong)心见证(zheng)试(shi)验(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)。压(ya)(ya)(ya)了(le)(le)块,强度达(da)到(dao)(dao)30 MPa,又压(ya)(ya)(ya)了(le)(le)第二块,强度才达(da)到(dao)(dao)26 MPa,但就在(zai)这(zhei)同时,我(wo)发现(xian)了(le)(le)芯(xin)样(yang)受压(ya)(ya)(ya)面(mian)(mian)与下(xia)压(ya)(ya)(ya)板之间有(you)缝隙(xi),因此我(wo)就从未压(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)芯(xin)样(yang)中(zhong)拿出两块,使其(qi)两个受压(ya)(ya)(ya)面(mian)(mian)相对,结果(guo)是(shi)缝隙(xi)更(geng)大(da)。这(zhei)时我(wo)就建议试(shi)验(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)员(yuan)检(jian)查一(yi)下(xia)芯(xin)样(yang)受压(ya)(ya)(ya)面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)平整度。当(dang)试(shi)验(yan)(yan)(yan)(yan)员(yuan)找到(dao)(dao)钢板尺测(ce)量芯(xin)样(yang)的(de)(de)受压(ya)(ya)(ya)面(mian)(mian)时,发现(xian)该(gai)受压(ya)(ya)(ya)面(mian)(mian)严(yan)重超差,必须(xu)重新加工。

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