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三大攻略,轻松搞定斜屋面混凝土浇灌

斜屋(wu)面作为一种新型的建筑设计形(xing)式(shi),在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技术(shu)上比(bi)平屋(wu)面有一定的技术(shu)难点(dian)(dian),在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)过程(cheng)中(zhong),针(zhen)对这(zhei)些技术(shu)难点(dian)(dian),严格按(an)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)规范的要求(qiu),做好施(shi)(shi)工(gong)技术(shu)方(fang)案(an),并在施(shi)(shi)工(gong)中(zhong)认真加以实施(shi)(shi),就能(neng)高质(zhi)量(liang)地完成斜屋(wu)面工(gong)程(cheng)的施(shi)(shi)工(gong)。


一、施工方法

①单面(mian)模板(ban)法(fa)

此(ci)法(fa)是坡屋面混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)施(shi)工(gong)中较(jiao)常用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)简易(yi)法(fa),但(dan)影(ying)响浇筑质量的(de)(de)(de)方面较(jiao)多,如屋面坡度(du)的(de)(de)(de)大小(xiao)、模板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)(de)光滑程度(du)和坍落度(du)的(de)(de)(de)影(ying)响等。因混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)无(wu)法(fa)按(an)常规振捣而(er)导(dao)致(zhi)不密实(shi),须待混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)处(chu)于(yu)初凝(ning)(ning)阶段再(zai)振捣。此(ci)时混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)可塑性降(jiang)低(di),再(zai)振捣势(shi)必造成混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)内(nei)伤和裂(lie)纹。为此(ci),在施(shi)工(gong)中应采用(yong)一些措(cuo)施(shi),如控制混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)坍落度(du)在30~50mm,利用(yong)焊(han)接板(ban)(ban)筋(jin)做(zuo)抗滑移带(dai)和确定混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)流向、分段施(shi)工(gong)等。为了保证板(ban)(ban)面的(de)(de)(de)平整度(du),随捣随用(yong)1∶2.5水泥砂浆抹平。

②双面夹板(ban)法

屋面(mian)坡度要达(da)到75°,必(bi)须采用(yong)双面(mian)夹板法才(cai)能保证施工(gong)质量。施工(gong)需要用(yong)短钢筋(jin)作支架,并加设止水(shui)(shui)片,以控(kong)制屋面(mian)厚度和止水(shui)(shui)、防渗。在(zai)两(liang)模板外侧面(mian)中部(bu)设尺寸为400mm×400mm混凝土浇筑孔。


二、方法选择

1、单(dan)面模(mo)板(ban)法

斜屋面(mian)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)在(zai)单面(mian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)上施工(gong)主要靠混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)自身的凝(ning)(ning)(ning)结力、模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)面(mian)的摩阻(zu)力和钢筋网(wang)的张(zhang)拉(la)阻(zu)力的限制(zhi),至混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)硬化成型后不(bu)(bu)(bu)再沿斜面(mian)下(xia)滑。如果模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)超过一定角度(du)后,在(zai)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)振捣(dao)时,模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)对(dui)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)的摩阻(zu)力不(bu)(bu)(bu)足以抵消(xiao)混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)顺模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)面(mian)的下(xia)滑力。混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)初凝(ning)(ning)(ning)前,如缓慢(man)位移持续发生,易(yi)导致混凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)不(bu)(bu)(bu)密实和内伤而渗漏。故建议当屋面(mian)的坡度(du)大于26°时,不(bu)(bu)(bu)宜(yi)采用单面(mian)模(mo)(mo)(mo)板(ban)法施工(gong)。


2、双面夹板(ban)法

双面(mian)模板(ban)(ban)法(fa)可以(yi)保(bao)(bao)证(zheng)(zheng)混凝(ning)土板(ban)(ban)达到(dao)内实(shi)外(wai)光的(de)(de)要求。但由于板(ban)(ban)的(de)(de)厚度(du)小(xiao)(xiao)(一般仅为100mm),除去钢筋和(he)保(bao)(bao)护层,中间(jian)间(jian)隙小(xiao)(xiao)于50mm,若(ruo)钢筋绑扎存在误差(cha),则(ze)振(zhen)(zhen)捣(dao)棒(bang)(bang)更难插(cha)(cha)(cha)入。因此施工(gong)(gong)中必须(xu)注意防止钢筋位移及(ji)因混凝(ning)土浇筑(zhu)不到(dao)位而(er)造成的(de)(de)蜂(feng)窝。因无法(fa)观察到(dao)模板(ban)(ban)内混凝(ning)土的(de)(de)饱满度(du),可敲击进行听音检查,并在板(ban)(ban)底采用附着式振(zhen)(zhen)捣(dao)器(qi),使混凝(ning)土下淌充实(shi)。振(zhen)(zhen)捣(dao)时,采用直径33mm的(de)(de)小(xiao)(xiao)振(zhen)(zhen)动棒(bang)(bang),按序插(cha)(cha)(cha)振(zhen)(zhen),防止漏插(cha)(cha)(cha)。对于死角部位可以(yi)采用板(ban)(ban)外(wai)振(zhen)(zhen)与人工(gong)(gong)插(cha)(cha)(cha)钎相结合。对于此法(fa)施工(gong)(gong),应(ying)严(yan)格控制混凝(ning)土的(de)(de)坍落度(du),具(ju)体根据施工(gong)(gong)时的(de)(de)温度(du)确(que)定,一般控制在50~70mm。为保(bao)(bao)证(zheng)(zheng)层面(mian)的(de)(de)结构安全和(he)防水(shui)效果(guo),对坡度(du)大的(de)(de)斜屋面(mian),应(ying)优先选(xuan)用双面(mian)夹板(ban)(ban)法(fa)。


三、斜(xie)屋面混凝土工程(cheng)的施工

根据现行的(de)(de)设计规范,现浇(jiao)屋面板(ban)面的(de)(de)混凝(ning)(ning)土要具有一定的(de)(de)抗渗(shen)(shen)要求(qiu),一般选用(yong)抗渗(shen)(shen)混凝(ning)(ning)土,为(wei)确保混凝(ning)(ning)土拌制质量,对(dui)骨料的(de)(de)要求(qiu)应更为(wei)严(yan)格,砂子应为(wei)中砂且含泥(ni)量不(bu)得(de)超过5%,碎石粒径以5~30mm为(wei)宜且含泥(ni)量不(bu)得(de)大于2%,骨料级配(pei)要合(he)理,以增加混凝(ning)(ning)土的(de)(de)和易性。根据施工(gong)经验(yan),要严(yan)格控(kong)制混凝(ning)(ning)土的(de)(de)水灰比,混凝(ning)(ning)土的(de)(de)坍落度以10~15cm左右为(wei)宜。


斜屋(wu)面尤其是陡斜屋(wu)面的混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)浇筑(zhu)(zhu),大的问(wen)(wen)题(ti)是混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)滑动流淌(tang)造(zao)成局部离(li)析(xi)而(er)发生混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)的质量(liang)问(wen)(wen)题(ti),浇筑(zhu)(zhu)时(shi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)倾落(luo)高(gao)度不大于600mm,因此不能从跳板上直(zhi)接(jie)从高(gao)处(chu)向下倾倒混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu),混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)浇筑(zhu)(zhu)时(shi)增(zeng)加板面作(zuo)业工(gong)人,特别在屋(wu)面低处(chu)浇筑(zhu)(zhu)混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)时(shi),建议全部用小(xiao)(xiao)桶(tong)水平运输混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(禁止用斗车(che)),一小(xiao)(xiao)桶(tong)一小(xiao)(xiao)桶(tong)平铺,这样(yang)可避免作(zuo)业工(gong)人施工(gong)中贪图容(rong)易,盲(mang)目(mu)倾倒混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu),造(zao)成混(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)离(li)析(xi)。


混凝(ning)土浇筑(zhu)时应(ying)从屋(wu)面两头低处同(tong)时开始,两面坡面同(tong)时浇注(zhu)为佳(jia),混凝(ning)土的(de)浇筑(zhu)应(ying)连续施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)不留置(zhi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)缝(feng)。如特殊情况必须(xu)留置(zhi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)缝(feng)时,施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)缝(feng)的(de)位(wei)置(zhi)应(ying)在结构受力(li)较(jiao)小处,一般距现(xian)浇板支座1m,不可在现(xian)浇板中(zhong)心部位(wei)置(zhi)留置(zhi)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)缝(feng)。


斜屋面的混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)振捣(dao)(dao)密(mi)实一(yi)直是一(yi)个施工难题,为控制板(ban)(ban)的浇(jiao)筑厚度,应(ying)(ying)(ying)在板(ban)(ban)面按(an)1000mm×1000mm均(jun)匀(yun)布置厚度控制点。根(gen)据(ju)经验认(ren)为,对(dui)(dui)于梁的振捣(dao)(dao)要特(te)别注意插式振动器(qi)振捣(dao)(dao)在各区段均(jun)匀(yun),振捣(dao)(dao)时(shi)间过(guo)长(zhang)易造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)局部(bu)粗(cu)(cu)骨(gu)料(liao)集中,砂浆与粗(cu)(cu)骨(gu)料(liao)分离(li)。对(dui)(dui)于板(ban)(ban)面混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu),振捣(dao)(dao)过(guo)多(duo)混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)易流(liu)动,造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)板(ban)(ban)面平(ping)整(zheng)度难以控制,一(yi)般做(zuo)法是在施工中先用(yong)人工均(jun)匀(yun)摊铺混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu),注意混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)厚度应(ying)(ying)(ying)足(zu)够,用(yong)抹子拍实,待混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)接(jie)近初凝(ning)(ning)(ning)时(shi)用(yong)平(ping)板(ban)(ban)振动器(qi)按(an)板(ban)(ban)块(kuai)的浇(jiao)筑顺序均(jun)匀(yun)走(zou)二遍,接(jie)槎处则应(ying)(ying)(ying)多(duo)走(zou)一(yi)遍即可,板(ban)(ban)面振捣(dao)(dao)后(hou)再(zai)用(yong)人工对(dui)(dui)局部(bu)不平(ping)整(zheng)及板(ban)(ban)厚度不足(zu)的板(ban)(ban)面进行修(xiu)整(zheng),然后(hou)用(yong)水泥砂浆对(dui)(dui)板(ban)(ban)面混(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)表面修(xiu)整(zheng),以取得(de)良好(hao)的表面观(guan)感。


混凝(ning)土浇筑完(wan)成(cheng)后要做好浇水养(yang)(yang)护(hu),由于夏季(ji)气温高,水份蒸(zheng)发量(liang)大,斜(xie)屋面浇水养(yang)(yang)护(hu)效果差,因(yin)此(ci)夏季(ji)施(shi)工后应(ying)强调使用草袋覆盖养(yang)(yang)护(hu)为(wei)佳,以防止混凝(ning)土因(yin)暴(bao)晒而碳化(hua)和缩水龟裂,浇水湿润养(yang)(yang)护(hu)不得少于14d。


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