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三大攻略,轻松搞定斜屋面混凝土浇灌

斜屋面(mian)作为一(yi)(yi)种新型的(de)建筑设计(ji)形(xing)式(shi),在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技术(shu)(shu)(shu)上比平屋面(mian)有一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)技术(shu)(shu)(shu)难(nan)点(dian),在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)过程中(zhong)(zhong),针对这些技术(shu)(shu)(shu)难(nan)点(dian),严(yan)格按施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)规(gui)范的(de)要求(qiu),做好施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)技术(shu)(shu)(shu)方案,并(bing)在(zai)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)中(zhong)(zhong)认(ren)真加(jia)以实施(shi),就能高质(zhi)量地完成斜屋面(mian)工(gong)(gong)(gong)程的(de)施(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)。


一(yi)、施工方法(fa)

①单(dan)面模板法

此(ci)法是坡(po)屋(wu)面(mian)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)施工(gong)中较(jiao)常用(yong)(yong)的(de)简(jian)易法,但影响浇筑(zhu)质(zhi)量的(de)方面(mian)较(jiao)多,如屋(wu)面(mian)坡(po)度(du)的(de)大小、模板的(de)光(guang)滑(hua)程度(du)和(he)坍落度(du)的(de)影响等。因(yin)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)无法按常规振捣(dao)而(er)导致不密实,须待混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)处于初凝(ning)阶段再振捣(dao)。此(ci)时混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)可塑性降低,再振捣(dao)势必造成混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)内伤和(he)裂(lie)纹。为(wei)(wei)此(ci),在施工(gong)中应采用(yong)(yong)一些措施,如控制混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)坍落度(du)在30~50mm,利用(yong)(yong)焊接板筋(jin)做抗滑(hua)移(yi)带和(he)确定混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)流向(xiang)、分(fen)段施工(gong)等。为(wei)(wei)了保证板面(mian)的(de)平整度(du),随捣(dao)随用(yong)(yong)1∶2.5水泥砂浆(jiang)抹平。

②双面夹板法

屋面(mian)坡度要达到75°,必须采用(yong)双面(mian)夹板法才(cai)能保(bao)证施工(gong)质量。施工(gong)需要用(yong)短钢筋作支架,并加设(she)止水片,以(yi)控制屋面(mian)厚度和(he)止水、防(fang)渗。在两(liang)模板外侧面(mian)中(zhong)部(bu)设(she)尺(chi)寸为400mm×400mm混凝土(tu)浇筑孔。


二、方法选(xuan)择

1、单面模(mo)板法

斜屋面(mian)(mian)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)在单面(mian)(mian)模板上(shang)施工(gong)主要(yao)靠混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)自身的凝(ning)(ning)结力(li)(li)(li)、模板面(mian)(mian)的摩阻(zu)力(li)(li)(li)和钢(gang)筋网的张拉阻(zu)力(li)(li)(li)的限制,至混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)硬化成型后不(bu)(bu)再沿(yan)斜面(mian)(mian)下滑。如果(guo)模板超(chao)过一定角度后,在混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)振捣时(shi),模板对混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)的摩阻(zu)力(li)(li)(li)不(bu)(bu)足以(yi)抵消混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)顺(shun)模板面(mian)(mian)的下滑力(li)(li)(li)。混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)初凝(ning)(ning)前,如缓慢位移持(chi)续发生,易(yi)导致(zhi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)不(bu)(bu)密(mi)实(shi)和内伤而渗漏。故建(jian)议(yi)当屋面(mian)(mian)的坡(po)度大于26°时(shi),不(bu)(bu)宜采用单面(mian)(mian)模板法施工(gong)。


2、双面夹板法

双面(mian)(mian)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)法可(ke)以保(bao)证混(hun)凝(ning)土板(ban)达到(dao)内实外光的(de)(de)要(yao)求(qiu)。但由于板(ban)的(de)(de)厚度(du)小(一般仅为100mm),除去钢(gang)筋(jin)和保(bao)护(hu)层,中间(jian)间(jian)隙小于50mm,若钢(gang)筋(jin)绑扎存在误差,则(ze)振(zhen)(zhen)捣(dao)棒更难插(cha)(cha)(cha)入(ru)。因此(ci)施(shi)工中必须(xu)注意(yi)防(fang)止(zhi)(zhi)钢(gang)筋(jin)位(wei)移及因混(hun)凝(ning)土浇(jiao)筑(zhu)不到(dao)位(wei)而造成的(de)(de)蜂窝。因无法观察到(dao)模(mo)(mo)板(ban)内混(hun)凝(ning)土的(de)(de)饱满(man)度(du),可(ke)敲击进行听音检查,并在板(ban)底采用(yong)附(fu)着式(shi)振(zhen)(zhen)捣(dao)器,使混(hun)凝(ning)土下淌充实。振(zhen)(zhen)捣(dao)时,采用(yong)直径33mm的(de)(de)小振(zhen)(zhen)动棒,按(an)序插(cha)(cha)(cha)振(zhen)(zhen),防(fang)止(zhi)(zhi)漏插(cha)(cha)(cha)。对于死角部位(wei)可(ke)以采用(yong)板(ban)外振(zhen)(zhen)与人(ren)工插(cha)(cha)(cha)钎相结(jie)(jie)合。对于此(ci)法施(shi)工,应严格控制(zhi)混(hun)凝(ning)土的(de)(de)坍(tan)落度(du),具体根据施(shi)工时的(de)(de)温(wen)度(du)确定(ding),一般控制(zhi)在50~70mm。为保(bao)证层面(mian)(mian)的(de)(de)结(jie)(jie)构(gou)安全(quan)和防(fang)水效果,对坡度(du)大的(de)(de)斜屋面(mian)(mian),应优先选用(yong)双面(mian)(mian)夹板(ban)法。


三、斜屋面混凝土工程的施工

根(gen)据(ju)(ju)现行的(de)(de)设计规(gui)范,现浇屋面(mian)板面(mian)的(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)要具(ju)有一定的(de)(de)抗渗(shen)要求,一般选用抗渗(shen)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu),为确保混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)拌制质量,对骨(gu)(gu)料的(de)(de)要求应(ying)更为严格(ge),砂子应(ying)为中砂且含泥(ni)量不得超过5%,碎石粒径以5~30mm为宜(yi)且含泥(ni)量不得大于2%,骨(gu)(gu)料级配要合理,以增加混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)和易性(xing)。根(gen)据(ju)(ju)施工经验,要严格(ge)控制混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)水(shui)灰比,混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)坍落度以10~15cm左右为宜(yi)。


斜屋面(mian)尤(you)其是陡斜屋面(mian)的(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)浇(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu),大的(de)(de)问(wen)(wen)题是混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)滑动流淌造成局部(bu)离(li)析(xi)而发生混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)质量问(wen)(wen)题,浇(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)时(shi)(shi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)倾(qing)(qing)落(luo)高(gao)度不大于(yu)600mm,因(yin)此不能从跳板上直接从高(gao)处向下(xia)倾(qing)(qing)倒混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu),混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)浇(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)时(shi)(shi)增加板面(mian)作业工人,特别在屋面(mian)低(di)处浇(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)(zhu)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)时(shi)(shi),建议全部(bu)用小桶水(shui)平运输(shu)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(禁止用斗(dou)车),一(yi)小桶一(yi)小桶平铺,这样(yang)可避免(mian)作业工人施工中贪(tan)图容易,盲(mang)目倾(qing)(qing)倒混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu),造成混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)离(li)析(xi)。


混凝土浇(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)时应从屋面(mian)两头低处同时开始(shi),两面(mian)坡面(mian)同时浇(jiao)(jiao)注为佳,混凝土的(de)浇(jiao)(jiao)筑(zhu)应连续施(shi)工(gong)不留置(zhi)(zhi)施(shi)工(gong)缝(feng)。如(ru)特殊情况必须留置(zhi)(zhi)施(shi)工(gong)缝(feng)时,施(shi)工(gong)缝(feng)的(de)位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)应在(zai)结构(gou)受力较小(xiao)处,一般距现浇(jiao)(jiao)板(ban)(ban)支(zhi)座(zuo)1m,不可在(zai)现浇(jiao)(jiao)板(ban)(ban)中心部位(wei)置(zhi)(zhi)留置(zhi)(zhi)施(shi)工(gong)缝(feng)。


斜屋面(mian)的混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)振(zhen)(zhen)捣密实一(yi)直是(shi)一(yi)个施(shi)(shi)工难(nan)题(ti),为(wei)控制板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)的浇筑厚度(du),应在(zai)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)面(mian)按(an)1000mm×1000mm均匀布置厚度(du)控制点(dian)。根据经验认为(wei),对(dui)于梁(liang)的振(zhen)(zhen)捣要特别注(zhu)意(yi)插(cha)式振(zhen)(zhen)动器振(zhen)(zhen)捣在(zai)各区段均匀,振(zhen)(zhen)捣时(shi)间过(guo)长易(yi)造(zao)成局部(bu)粗骨料集中,砂(sha)浆与粗骨料分离(li)。对(dui)于板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)面(mian)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu),振(zhen)(zhen)捣过(guo)多混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)易(yi)流(liu)动,造(zao)成板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)面(mian)平(ping)整度(du)难(nan)以(yi)控制,一(yi)般做法是(shi)在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工中先(xian)用(yong)人工均匀摊铺混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu),注(zhu)意(yi)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)厚度(du)应足(zu)够,用(yong)抹子拍实,待混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)接近初凝(ning)时(shi)用(yong)平(ping)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)振(zhen)(zhen)动器按(an)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)块的浇筑顺序均匀走(zou)二遍,接槎处则应多走(zou)一(yi)遍即可,板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)面(mian)振(zhen)(zhen)捣后再用(yong)人工对(dui)局部(bu)不(bu)平(ping)整及(ji)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)厚度(du)不(bu)足(zu)的板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)面(mian)进行(xing)修(xiu)整,然(ran)后用(yong)水泥(ni)砂(sha)浆对(dui)板(ban)(ban)(ban)(ban)面(mian)混(hun)凝(ning)土(tu)表(biao)面(mian)修(xiu)整,以(yi)取得良好的表(biao)面(mian)观感。


混(hun)凝土(tu)浇(jiao)筑(zhu)完成后要做好浇(jiao)水(shui)养护,由(you)于夏季气温高,水(shui)份(fen)蒸发(fa)量大,斜(xie)屋(wu)面浇(jiao)水(shui)养护效果(guo)差,因(yin)此(ci)夏季施工后应强调(diao)使用(yong)草袋覆盖养护为佳,以(yi)防(fang)止混(hun)凝土(tu)因(yin)暴(bao)晒而碳(tan)化和缩(suo)水(shui)龟裂,浇(jiao)水(shui)湿(shi)润养护不得少于14d。


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