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三民重科-主营(ying)混凝土(tu)泵(beng)车(che),小(xiao)型混凝土(tu)泵(beng)车(che),搅拌(ban)泵(beng)车(che)、搅拌(ban)天(tian)泵(beng)技术领先!搅拌(ban)泵(beng)行(xing)业开(kai)拓者

一位中国老建筑总工对混凝土预制和现浇的思考

近年来,在(zai)推进住宅产业化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)过程中,自上而下把预制混(hun)凝土装配式建筑(zhu)看作实(shi)现建筑(zhu)工业化(hua)(hua)的(de)(de)途(tu)径(jing)、普及绿(lv)色建筑(zhu)的(de)(de)捷径(jing);却无视当今机械化(hua)(hua)现浇混(hun)凝土的(de)(de)先(xian)进适用性,仍被看作是(shi)传统的(de)(de)甚(shen)至是(shi)落后的(de)(de)施工方式,这(zhei)种看法是(shi)不符(fu)合实(shi)际(ji)的(de)(de),十分片面的(de)(de)。

本(ben)人是学(xue)混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)出身,与(yu)混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)有不解之缘(yuan),50年来亲历了(le)(le)混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)预(yu)制和现(xian)浇的发(fa)展(zhan)变化(hua)(hua)。我认为(wei):混(hun)(hun)凝土(tu)是一种在(zai)常温条件(jian)下就(jiu)能从液态(tai)向固态(tai)转(zhuan)化(hua)(hua)并(bing)产生高强度的独特材(cai)料,因(yin)此就(jiu)形成了(le)(le)预(yu)制和现(xian)浇两种施(shi)工方式。

预制(zhi)是(shi)先在工厂里制(zhi)作成(cheng)混凝土(tu)构件,然(ran)后运(yun)送(song)(song)到(dao)施工现(xian)场进行装(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)连(lian)接,形成(cheng)装(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)式混凝土(tu)结(jie)构;现(xian)浇是(shi)在施工现(xian)场将混凝土(tu)直接浇注入(ru)模成(cheng)型,形成(cheng)整(zheng)体混凝土(tu)结(jie)构。钢(gang)(gang)材(cai)则不然(ran),在常温(wen)下就是(shi)固态,不可(ke)能(neng)现(xian)浇,必须在工厂里加工成(cheng)钢(gang)(gang)构件,然(ran)后运(yun)送(song)(song)到(dao)施工现(xian)场焊接装(zhuang)(zhuang)配(pei)。

但是,混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)(tu)从液(ye)态向(xiang)固态的(de)转化是不(bu)可逆的(de),坚固的(de)混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)(tu)不(bu)能像(xiang)钢材那样在高温下可熔化成液(ye)态,预制混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)(tu)构件(jian)也不(bu)能像(xiang)钢构件(jian)那样可以(yi)通过焊接(jie)熔合(he)成一体。就(jiu)确保混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)(tu)建筑(zhu)(zhu)结构的(de)整体性(xing)(xing)和安全性(xing)(xing)而言,混(hun)凝土(tu)(tu)(tu)在施工现场浇筑(zhu)(zhu)成型才能真正发挥(hui)其独特优势(shi),这是其他材料无可比拟的(de)。

而(er)预(yu)制(zhi)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)构(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)(jian)通过技(ji)术(shu)(shu)(shu)措施(shi)连接(jie)后(hou)形成的(de)(de)(de)(de)装配式(shi)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)结(jie)构(gou)(gou)(gou),无论在理论上(shang)(shang)还是(shi)(shi)实(shi)际上(shang)(shang),其(qi)(qi)整体性(xing)(xing)和(he)安(an)全(quan)性(xing)(xing)都不如(ru)现(xian)(xian)浇(jiao)(jiao)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)结(jie)构(gou)(gou)(gou);预(yu)制(zhi)构(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)(jian)之间的(de)(de)(de)(de)连接(jie)通常采用现(xian)(xian)浇(jiao)(jiao)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(或采用钢筋套筒灌浆),也就是(shi)(shi)将伸(shen)出两(liang)个(ge)构(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)钢筋(俗称:胡(hu)子筋)共同锚固在现(xian)(xian)浇(jiao)(jiao)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)中来实(shi)现(xian)(xian)的(de)(de)(de)(de),现(xian)(xian)浇(jiao)(jiao)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)与(yu)预(yu)制(zhi)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)构(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)(jian)只是(shi)(shi)粘接(jie)而(er)已,没有也不可能连结(jie)成整体,因此,构(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)(jian)连接(jie)部位是(shi)(shi)装配式(shi)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)结(jie)构(gou)(gou)(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)薄弱环节,处理不当就会形成安(an)全(quan)隐患,还可能发生渗漏和(he)结(jie)露,解决构(gou)(gou)(gou)件(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)连接(jie)及防水、保(bao)温问题并确保(bao)其(qi)(qi)可靠性(xing)(xing)、耐久性(xing)(xing),历来是(shi)(shi)国(guo)内外研究的(de)(de)(de)(de)技(ji)术(shu)(shu)(shu)关(guan)键,而(er)现(xian)(xian)浇(jiao)(jiao)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)则不存在这(zhei)(zhei)些问题,这(zhei)(zhei)也是(shi)(shi)近30年现(xian)(xian)浇(jiao)(jiao)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)取得迅速发展(zhan)(zhan)和(he)广泛应用的(de)(de)(de)(de)根本原因。 混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)通过近200年的(de)(de)(de)(de)发展(zhan)(zhan),特(te)别是(shi)(shi)近50多年的(de)(de)(de)(de)发展(zhan)(zhan),国(guo)内外的(de)(de)(de)(de)预(yu)制(zhi)和(he)现(xian)(xian)浇(jiao)(jiao)技(ji)术(shu)(shu)(shu)都取得了巨(ju)大的(de)(de)(de)(de)进步,都实(shi)现(xian)(xian)了工业化。但客观地说(shuo),国(guo)内预(yu)制(zhi)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)技(ji)术(shu)(shu)(shu)与(yu)国(guo)外尚有差距(ju);而(er)全(quan)国(guo)各地鳞次(ci)栉比(bi)、拔地而(er)起的(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)高层建筑则说(shuo)明(ming):我(wo)国(guo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)现(xian)(xian)浇(jiao)(jiao)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)技(ji)术(shu)(shu)(shu)与(yu)国(guo)外相比(bi)毫不逊(xun)色。前几年,为完成北京(jing)市住建委(wei)下达的(de)(de)(de)(de)调研课题,我(wo)收(shou)集和(he)研究了混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)发展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)历史(shi)资料。下面,我(wo)从混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)发展(zhan)(zhan)说(shuo)起,回顾北京(jing)混(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)预(yu)制(zhi)和(he)现(xian)(xian)浇(jiao)(jiao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)发展(zhan)(zhan)情况(kuang),后(hou)谈几点看法,供有关(guan)领导部门参考。

一、混凝土的发展

混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)是(shi)由(you)胶结(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)材(cai)(cai)(无机(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)、有(you)机(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)或无机(ji)、有(you)机(ji)复合(he)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de))、颗(ke)粒(li)状骨(gu)(gu)料以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)及(ji)必要(yao)(yao)(yao)时(shi)加(jia)入(ru)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)化学(xue)外(wai)加(jia)剂(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)矿物掺(chan)(chan)(chan)合(he)料等(deng)组分(fen)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)物,加(jia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)进(jin)行搅(jiao)拌(ban)(ban),经硬化后形成(cheng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)具有(you)堆(dui)聚结(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)构(gou)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)复合(he)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)材(cai)(cai)料。通常(chang)所(suo)(suo)说(shuo)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),是(shi)指以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)为(wei)(wei)胶结(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)材(cai)(cai),以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)砂(sha)、石为(wei)(wei)骨(gu)(gu)料的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)普通混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)。1824年(nian),波(bo)特兰水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)(即(ji):普通硅酸(suan)盐水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni))在(zai)英国(guo)(guo)问世(shi)后,很快(kuai)出(chu)现(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)砂(sha)浆(jiang)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)。1850年(nian),法(fa)国(guo)(guo)发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)明钢(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),解决(jue)了(le)(le)(le)(le)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)抗拉(la)强(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)不足的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)问题,19世(shi)纪末,出(chu)现(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)钢(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)设(she)(she)计规范(fan),自(zi)此以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)后,钢(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)技术(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)不断(duan)发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),广泛(fan)用(yong)于各种建(jian)(jian)设(she)(she)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)程,混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)量急(ji)剧增加(jia),已(yi)成(cheng)为(wei)(wei)世(shi)界上(shang)(shang)用(yong)量多的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)人(ren)造(zao)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)材(cai)(cai)料,成(cheng)为(wei)(wei)中、高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)层(ceng)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)不可(ke)(ke)(ke)或缺的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)体结(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)构(gou)材(cai)(cai)料。 北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)始于清朝末年(nian),20世(shi)纪初叶建(jian)(jian)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)东交民巷和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)清华(hua)学(xue)堂(tang),是(shi)迄(qi)今所(suo)(suo)知北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)早采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)现(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)浇(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)钢(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)砖(zhuan)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)结(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)构(gou)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)。1909-1911年(nian)建(jian)(jian)造(zao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)清华(hua)学(xue)堂(tang)西(xi)段门厅,采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)了(le)(le)(le)(le)现(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)浇(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)钢(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)圆柱,那(nei)时(shi)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)还没有(you)生产水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni),水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)应(ying)该是(shi)从“唐山洋(yang)灰(hui)(hui)公(gong)司”运过(guo)(guo)来(lai)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de),这也(ye)是(shi)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)人(ren)过(guo)(guo)去把水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)叫(jiao)“洋(yang)灰(hui)(hui)”的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)原因(yin)。1939—1944年(nian)兴(xing)建(jian)(jian)并投产的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)琉(liu)璃(li)河水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)厂,是(shi)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)首家水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)厂,从此,北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)用(yong)自(zi)己(ji)生产的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)来(lai)建(jian)(jian)造(zao)砖(zhuan)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)结(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)构(gou)房屋了(le)(le)(le)(le)。随着水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)技术(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)应(ying)用(yong),北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)从低(di)层(ceng)发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)多层(ceng),又从多层(ceng)发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)到(dao)(dao)(dao)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)层(ceng),并使(shi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)从现(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)浇(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)到(dao)(dao)(dao)预(yu)(yu)制(zhi),又从预(yu)(yu)制(zhi)到(dao)(dao)(dao)现(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)浇(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao),或预(yu)(yu)制(zhi)、现(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)浇(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)相(xiang)结(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)合(he),形成(cheng)安全可(ke)(ke)(ke)靠的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)钢(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)结(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)构(gou),满足了(le)(le)(le)(le)经济社会和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)建(jian)(jian)设(she)(she)事业迅(xun)速发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)。 混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)强(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)、流(liu)(liu)动(dong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)耐久性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)衡量混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)主(zhu)要(yao)(yao)(yao)指标,在(zai)很长一(yi)段时(shi)期(qi)内混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)强(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)流(liu)(liu)动(dong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)是(shi)难以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)解决(jue)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)矛盾(dun),混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)现(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)浇(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)预(yu)(yu)制(zhi)技术(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)与(yu)此密切相(xiang)关。1918年(nian),美国(guo)(guo)早提(ti)出(chu)了(le)(le)(le)(le)计算混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)强(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)灰(hui)(hui)比(bi)(bi)(bi)理论,经不断(duan)完善沿用(yong)至今。强(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)与(yu)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)灰(hui)(hui)比(bi)(bi)(bi)成(cheng)反比(bi)(bi)(bi),流(liu)(liu)动(dong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)与(yu)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量成(cheng)正比(bi)(bi)(bi)。水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)灰(hui)(hui)比(bi)(bi)(bi)低(di)则强(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao),为(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)强(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)而采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)低(di)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)灰(hui)(hui)比(bi)(bi)(bi)时(shi),新拌(ban)(ban)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)动(dong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)就(jiu)会降低(di),影响施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)操作,我们称之为(wei)(wei)“工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)差”,在(zai)此情(qing)(qing)况下,只能(neng)(neng)通过(guo)(guo)增加(jia)用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量来(lai)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)流(liu)(liu)动(dong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing),同(tong)时(shi)必须相(xiang)应(ying)地增加(jia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)用(yong)量,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)保持(chi)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)灰(hui)(hui)比(bi)(bi)(bi)不变(bian),才能(neng)(neng)保证强(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)指标。上(shang)(shang)世(shi)纪50年(nian)代,为(wei)(wei)了(le)(le)(le)(le)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)强(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)节约水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni),便减少用(yong)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)量,采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)流(liu)(liu)动(dong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)较差的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)干(gan)硬性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)或半干(gan)硬性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(坍落(luo)度(du)(du)(du)(du)0-5cm),同(tong)时(shi)采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)振捣成(cheng)型工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)艺使(shi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)“液(ye)化”、实施(shi)(shi)浇(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)注(zhu)入(ru)模(mo)成(cheng)型,以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)保证其密实度(du)(du)(du)(du),加(jia)大了(le)(le)(le)(le)现(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)浇(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)难度(du)(du)(du)(du)。因(yin)此,出(chu)现(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)在(zai)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)现(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)场和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)厂里预(yu)(yu)制(zhi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)构(gou)件,然后运送到(dao)(dao)(dao)现(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)场吊装就(jiu)位(wei)连接,这就(jiu)是(shi)“装配(pei)式建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)”,提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)了(le)(le)(le)(le)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)效率(lv)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)现(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)场文明,但也(ye)增加(jia)了(le)(le)(le)(le)相(xiang)关工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)序和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)费用(yong)。上(shang)(shang)世(shi)纪60年(nian)代,日本(ben)、德国(guo)(guo)发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)明了(le)(le)(le)(le)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)效能(neng)(neng)减水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)剂(ji)(ji)为(wei)(wei)代表的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)加(jia)剂(ji)(ji),其后又发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)明了(le)(le)(le)(le)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)运输和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)泵送设(she)(she)备,使(shi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)技术(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)及(ji)其现(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)浇(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)技术(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)取(qu)得了(le)(le)(le)(le)革命性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)大发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。在(zai)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)合(he)物中掺(chan)(chan)(chan)入(ru)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)效减水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)剂(ji)(ji)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)大幅度(du)(du)(du)(du)地降低(di)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)灰(hui)(hui)比(bi)(bi)(bi)(可(ke)(ke)(ke)降至0.25—0.3)来(lai)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)强(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)(du),在(zai)不需要(yao)(yao)(yao)增加(jia)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)水(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)(shui)泥(ni)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)情(qing)(qing)况下,可(ke)(ke)(ke)提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)新拌(ban)(ban)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)流(liu)(liu)动(dong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(坍落(luo)度(du)(du)(du)(du)可(ke)(ke)(ke)达20㎝以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)上(shang)(shang)),使(shi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)拌(ban)(ban)制(zhi)、运送、泵送、浇(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)注(zhu)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)成(cheng)型等(deng)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)艺过(guo)(guo)程变(bian)得十分(fen)容易(yi),混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)也(ye)得到(dao)(dao)(dao)改(gai)善。上(shang)(shang)世(shi)纪80年(nian)代,北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)紧跟国(guo)(guo)际潮流(liu)(liu),学(xue)习和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)引进(jin)国(guo)(guo)外(wai)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)成(cheng)套(tao)(tao)先进(jin)技术(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),实现(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)由(you)干(gan)硬性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)向流(liu)(liu)动(dong)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)转化,现(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)浇(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)应(ying)用(yong)取(qu)得发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan),至90年(nian)代已(yi)基本(ben)形成(cheng)了(le)(le)(le)(le)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)在(zai)商品混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)站预(yu)(yu)拌(ban)(ban)生产,用(yong)搅(jiao)拌(ban)(ban)运输车(che)运送到(dao)(dao)(dao)施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)现(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)场,用(yong)泵送工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)艺(移动(dong)式混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)泵车(che)或现(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)场设(she)(she)置混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)固(gu)定(ding)泵和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)输送管道(dao))使(shi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)“就(jiu)地上(shang)(shang)楼”、浇(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)注(zhu)入(ru)模(mo)(定(ding)型模(mo)板)成(cheng)型的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)成(cheng)套(tao)(tao)机(ji)械化施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)技术(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu),施(shi)(shi)工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)方便快(kuai)捷(jie),混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)结(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)构(gou)整体性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)、抗震性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)好,实现(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)了(le)(le)(le)(le)“技术(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)先进(jin)、经济合(he)理、质量可(ke)(ke)(ke)靠”,充(chong)分(fen)发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)挥了(le)(le)(le)(le)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)独(du)特优(you)势,满足了(le)(le)(le)(le)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)层(ceng)建(jian)(jian)筑(zhu)迅(xun)速发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)需要(yao)(yao)(yao)。近10多年(nian)来(lai),外(wai)加(jia)剂(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)掺(chan)(chan)(chan)合(he)料已(yi)成(cheng)为(wei)(wei)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)(yao)(yao)组分(fen),采(cai)(cai)(cai)用(yong)“双掺(chan)(chan)(chan)法(fa)”(即(ji):同(tong)时(shi)掺(chan)(chan)(chan)加(jia)外(wai)加(jia)剂(ji)(ji)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)掺(chan)(chan)(chan)合(he)料)可(ke)(ke)(ke)以(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)配(pei)置出(chu)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu),有(you)效地提(ti)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)强(qiang)(qiang)度(du)(du)(du)(du)、工(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)作性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)和(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)(he)耐久性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng),使(shi)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)成(cheng)为(wei)(wei)性(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)(xing)能(neng)(neng)更加(jia)优(you)良的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)绿色建(jian)(jian)材(cai)(cai),也(ye)推动(dong)了(le)(le)(le)(le)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)现(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)浇(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)技术(shu)(shu)(shu)(shu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)进(jin)一(yi)步发(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)(fa)展(zhan)(zhan)。据统计,2013年(nian)北(bei)(bei)京(jing)(jing)(jing)(jing)钢(gang)(gang)筋(jin)(jin)(jin)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)结(jie)(jie)(jie)(jie)构(gou)所(suo)(suo)占比(bi)(bi)(bi)例高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)达87%,基本(ben)上(shang)(shang)都是(shi)现(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)浇(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)(jiao)混(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)(hun)凝(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)(ning)土(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)(tu)。

二、预制混凝土的发展

上世纪50年代初,北京的混凝土逐步由人工搅拌改为搅拌机搅拌,并在工程施工现场支模板、浇注混凝土。不久,开始推行干硬性混凝土,给现浇施工增加了难度,各建筑公司便从现场预制开始,相继建立半永久性钢筋混凝土构件厂,露天预制生产砖混结构所需的混凝土梁板通用构件,然后运送到施工现场吊装就位,与工程其他结构部位相连接。1955年,在东郊百子湾动工兴建北京建筑构件厂,生产工艺参照苏联列宁格勒构件厂,机械化流水作业,从法国引进每小时产量50立方米的混凝土搅拌站。1958年正式投产,主要产品为混凝土屋面板和空心楼板。1958年在西郊芦沟桥筹建北京第二建筑构件厂,主要产品是混凝土空心楼板和桥梁构件。1958年成立北京东郊十里堡构件厂,后发展为北京第三建筑构件厂,1980年更名为北京住宅壁板厂,占地500亩,设计年生产能力16万立方米,是北京装配式混凝土大板建筑的生产基地,并被誉为亚洲大的预制构件厂或房屋工厂。 北京的预制构件用于高层混凝土结构是从装配式框架结构开始的。1959年,8-12层北京民族饭店首次采用预制装配式框架-剪力墙结构。1960年,14层的北京民航大楼;1974年,建国门16层外交公寓等,都采用工厂预制框架梁柱,运至施工现场装配,节点现浇连接。1974-1977年,在厂桥、东大桥、安定门、西二环路和双井等处兴建一批9-14层装配式框架-剪力墙结构住宅,1975-1983年,还研究建成了一批5-6层的装配式框架轻板住宅,都采用加气混凝土条板拼装的内、外墙板,梁和楼板为预制,柱子先是预制,1976年唐山地震后改为现浇。上世纪80年代起,由于现浇混凝土技术的发展和出于抗震安全的考虑,北京框架-剪力墙的高层建筑都采用现浇混凝土施工,以提高结构的整体性和安全性。北京没有再建装配式框架结构建筑。 北京预制混凝土发展的高峰是形成装配式混凝土大板住宅(简称:大板住宅)建筑工业化体系。大板住宅是在工厂用混凝土预制成内外墙板、楼板、屋面板等大型构件,然后运送到施工现场进行装配和连接而成。这种工业化建筑体系起源于20世纪40年代,是欧洲(如:苏联、法国等)为解决第

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